Abraham Lincoln The Number Two President - 1092 Words

On February 12th, 1809, Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky. Fifty years later he became president. During his presidency, he would take action to become one of the greatest presidents ever. Things he did to contribute to this were winning the Civil War, abolishing slavery, and preserving the Union. He wouldn’t have had to fight the Civil War if the South didn’t secede during his presidency. His rank of number two, only behind George Washington, according to a survey of scholars in history is well deserved. Lincoln’s presidency didn’t look good from the start. He only got 39% of the popular vote because of the Solid South during the Election of 1860. His goal was to preserve the Union. His take on the nations’ problem of slavery was to keep it. What he meant was keep it where it is. The South took it that he wanted to abolish slavery and the North thought he wanted to keep it legal. This started to look bad for Lincoln because no one lik ed him. He also thought the Union wasn’t broken because the states can’t secede. On December 20th, 1860 South Carolina seceded and six other states followed right after, starting with Mississippi. This all happened before Lincoln was in office. He came into office having to fix all of this. His first accomplishment of the Civil War is arguably his greatest. The war began in 1961 and ended in 1965, a month after he was assassinated. It started when South Carolina attacked Fort Sumter. This war was fought to preserve theShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln : An Influential President1572 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln: An Influential President When you hear the name Abraham Lincoln, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Do you think of a tall, slender man with an enormous top hat? Do you think of his devotion to the abolition of slavery? Abraham Lincoln contributed to more than one can imagine. He was the president of the United States during a time of colossal distress, the Civil War, and he paved the way for a great number of changes. Abraham Lincoln was a powerful figure whoRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : Is He Really A Good President?1136 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln: Is He Really A Good President? By the end of the Civil War, there were more than 620,000 casualties. Many believe this was thanks to Abraham Lincoln. About a month after he was elected president, many controversies started to stir in America, thus causing the Civil War began. From the mouth-dropping moment Abraham Lincoln was elected, he had been fighting for equality for all men, no matter the race. He believed. â€Å"those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves.† WhenRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War956 Words   |  4 Pagesof the first sixteenth president, Abraham Lincoln was the first president who created foundation about ending slaves in America via his Emancipation of Proclamation. Lincoln was also a strong supporter for Homestead Act and The Pacific Railway Act, which became an essential law for American economics. Furthermore, 13th Amendment was Lincoln top priority in legislation after he was reelected as the President. President Abraham Lincoln truly became one of the greatest presidents via these achievementsRead MoreLincoln s Representation Of Lincoln1640 Words   |  7 Pagesof research on how Abraham Lincoln has been illustrated in motion pictures. Yet, movies have a dominant clout on how Lincoln’s images has been established in American popular culture. Movies such as Birth of a Nation, Young Mr. Lincoln, Abe Lincoln in Illinois, and Lincoln have given audiences different glimpses of the sixteenth president. The legend of Lincoln has been created and altered in film in oder to create a hero to fit the times. This paper will focus on â€Å"Lincoln† films over a 100 yearRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln, A Great Leader in American History781 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James Madison. Abraham Lincoln is considered one of the most greatest president in US History. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12,1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky. He is known for his leadership and skills as pr esident along with his pleasant personality. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through the Civil War and accomplished manyRead MorePre And Post Assessment Tools And Plan For Instruction1429 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents. Only 38% of the entire class was able to answer at least two of the three questions that required them to decode unknown words. Therefore, one of my objectives focuses on using known words to decipher unfamiliar words in a sentence. This goal correlates with the Georgia Standard of Excellence: ELAGSE5RI4 (Georgia Department of Education, 2015). My pre-assessment consists of an article taken from ReadWorks (2015) on Abraham Lincoln. Section three of the pre-assessment demands the students toRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1217 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln was born in the year 1809 on February 12th in the town of Hardin County, K entucky to Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. Growing up Lincoln had no proper education, consequently he read books and educated himself. During Lincoln’s young adult years, he worked a various number of jobs as a shopkeeper, surveyor, and a postmaster. In 1832, Lincoln became a captain of the Hawk War against the Native Americans. Shortly after the war was over, he began his political career and was elected to theRead MoreThe War Of Abraham Lincoln906 Words   |  4 Pageselection of Abraham Lincoln. South Caroline issued the â€Å" Declaration of the Causes of Secession† because they believed Lincoln was anti-slaver (Bartels). However during the most consequential period in American history, on November 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected as the sixteenth president of the United States and the first Republican President. As the commander in chief the union army, Lincoln needed to bring an end to the war and reunite the nation. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave one ofRe ad MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Captain My Captain By Walt Whitman1412 Words   |  6 PagesWhitman in 1865 after the assassination of a beloved president, Abraham Lincoln. The death of this beloved president left the entire country devastated. Walt Whitman was a very strong admirer of Abraham Lincoln and often saw him as a fatherly figure in his life. He writes many times in his poem yelling â€Å"father†. Whitman truly believed that Lincoln had kept this country together even though there was such hatred between the North and the South. Lincoln had accomplished the task of keeping together theRead MoreCivil War : A War Between Citizens Of The Same Country1609 Words   |  7 Pageswere many elements that the Civil War was know for, some of the main ones were causes, key figures, battles, and the outcome of the war. Before looking into things that happened during the Civil War, it is important to know the causes of the war, two causes are their different life style and sectionalism. The first problem was that the North and South had very different lifestyles. That could be the reason why the South felt the need to have slaves. The North was known for manufacturing and having

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley - 739 Words

Concentrating on imagination and refusing to connect with modern life is a well-known trend that individuals support. Romanticism, which started in the late 1700s, is a literary movement where people focus on thoughts and emotions instead of logic and reasoning. The virtuoso community would find the movement positive because it drives people into improving their relationship with nature better and visualizing their own fantasy world. The Romantic era is very popular in European countries and also considers learning more about of individual life, society, and the interconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Frankenstein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristics will show that characters in the novel gains friendships for being kindhearted, finds opportunities to explore the world, but also becomes alarmed when science and technology is more superior after learning about new forbidden knowledge. First, characters show compassion for mankind in many chapters. Henry Clerval, who is Victor Frankenstein’s childhood friend, takes care of an illShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; some say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesfaster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. ShelleysRead MoreMary Shelley Frankenstein859 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1325 Words   |  6 PagesI have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimatelyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014 ). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journalist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremel y renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was thoughtRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1223 Words   |  5 Pagesto have multiple narrators telling a story? In Mary Shelley’s gothic novel, Frankenstein, three main narrators tell the story about the creation of a monster and the events that follow. The job of narrator shifts between Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the monster that Victor creates. As each narrator shares his own recollection of the events that occurred, new facts are introduced to put the pieces of the puzzle together. Although Frankenstein uses multiple narrators to tell the story, it

Medicalization of Childbirth Free Essays

1. BACKGROUND In the 1700s, Barber-surgeons, predecessors of the obstetricians belonged to a low social standing, similar to that of carpenters and shoemakers, members of the arts and trade guild. In an attempt to create social mobility and improve social status, barber-surgeons saw the opportunity to expand their expertise and redefined the perception of their skill as life saving, a higher moral order. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicalization of Childbirth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Soon, barber-surgeons gained a competitive edge over midwives to practise at difficult home-deliveries, through manual non-medical-instrumental extraction of fetus from the birthing woman (Dundes, 1987). Contrary to lay belief that fetal life began only at the point of â€Å"quickening† when expectant woman felt fetal movement (20 weeks), Obstetricians utilized their bio-scientific knowledge from the expertise of the microscope to claim that the start of perinatal life begins from the point of conception (Costello, 2006). This Interprofessional rivalry sparked resistance from the displaced midwives. However, English midwives succeeded in certifying midwifery practice through the 1902 Midwifery act (Costello, 2006). This was an important step in establishing midwives not as physician-rivals, but as para-medical subordinates. In the same year, 1902, the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the British Empire was published (Drife, 2002). Early physician Mosher observed inverse relationship of declining birthrate and increasing abortion rate. He hypothesized that women opted for â€Å"criminal abortion† to avoid childbirth pain. This sparked widespread attention from society to reduce the disincentives of childbirth. Hence, obstetricians made claims to be able to alleviate childbirth pain, creating a market for obstetrics. In 1900s, only 15% of deliveries were in hospitals (Jones, 1994), after the ministry of health expanded maternal hospital facilities, hospital deliveries sored from 60% in 1925, to 70% in 1935 and 98% in 1950 (Loudon, 1988). This sharp increase also correlates with the emergence of chloroform and ether as the first analgesics during the mid 1800s, followed by the Twilight Sleep consumer movement, of scopolamine and morphine, in the early 1900s, championed by middle and upper class women for fundamental rights to painless childbirth. Under the guise of these feminist efforts, medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth changed the orientation of childbirth to something unnatural, and created consumer demand for medical intervention. Finally, the formation of universal healthcare systems, such as the NHS, in an attempt to provide welfare-state equality to healthcare access, gained power over women’s reproductive status and decisions. 2. INTRODUCTION Medicalization occurs when a social problem is â€Å"defined in medical terms, described using medical language, understood through the adoption of a medical framework, or ‘treated with medical interventions† (Conrad, 2007). Pregnancy and childbirth has been subjected to the process of medicalization through increased medical jurisdiction and medical surveillance over these natural domains of life. There are three levels of medicalization: conceptual, institutional, and interactional (Conrad, 2007). This essay explores ways at which these three levels of medicalization have been applied to pregnancy and childbirth, and its consequences. 3. DISCUSSION 3. 1 Conceptual medicalization Pregnancy was an experience strictly confined to women, while childbirth was a domestic event attended by female relatives and midwives. This exclusive and empowering experience opposed and threatened patriarchy, the dominant culture of modern society, creating a social problem of female superiority. Hence, professional obstetricians emerged, eliminated midwifery, and created a medical model of practice that cast a disabling view on pregnancy and childbirth, allowing male participation as women’s salvation or at least, her equal. Medical authority and medical technologies attempt to reduce the private and individual experience of the women, and allow participation of men in the shared pregnancy and childbirth experience. One way of removing power from the female experience is to shift the focus away from adaptive bodily functions, to a desexualized and depersonalized birthing experience, with introduction of elements of patriarchy. The agency of the women was further removed through the application of the lithotomy (dorsal recumbent) position and epidural anesthesia. The lithotomy position has the woman lies on her back, facing the ceiling, with her legs separated and held by stirrups. She is given no visual or physical access to the birthing process, and no free access to movement. She merely allows. Epidural anesthesia removes bodily sensations from the waist down. Hence, the birthing woman does not receive contraction signals from her body to bear-down and expel the child. She has to depend on obstetricians for objective data on her delivery progress. Risks and choices are also presented in medical terms, hence, women are unable to understand and make informed choices or negotiate participation in their pregnancy and childbirth process. Then, the woman is stripped of her individual identity and given identities based on the age, maternal co-morbidities, number of pregnancy (Parity), and point of time in delivery (Gravid). These gives obstetricians biological information of the individual, allowing better assessment of the body and applying of the concept of risks to the management of care. Furthermore, the woman’s identity now revolves around the unborn child. Her choice of diet and lifestyle is now dictated by the risks she is willing to put on the unborn child. The rights of child over mother are highly contested in the literature. After depersonalizing the woman, weakening the gender ideology at birth, an attempt to desexualize the birthing process is done by creating taboo and discomfort to the sexual nature of childbirth. In Midwifery techniques, hands-on perineal massage, which involves preparatory stretching of the vaginal passage; and stimulation of the nipples and clitoris to elicit biological hormones that relaxes and lubricates the vaginal walls, supports natural delivery. However, obstetricians attempted to remove suggestions of female sexuality from the birthing process to allow involvement of a male-dominated profession. Substituting the natural, with artificial injectable hormones (Pitocin) to induce labor; cesarean sections to remove the child from an above-naval-abdominal surgery; and episiotomies (clean incision and straight reunion of the skin, as opposed to a irregular natural tear) as a mark of the obstetrician. This decreases the empowering experience of the body and increases the dependency on external medical interventions. They also offer episiotomies and cesarean sections to â€Å"intercede† for the husband, who assumes legal access and possession of the body and sexuality of the birthing woman who has been â€Å"destroyed† by the birth of her child. Another example to illustrate presence of patriarchy is how technology â€Å"reveals† and shares the individual pregnancy experience of the pregnant woman with her husband, is through ultrasonography-enabled-visualization of the child in formation. As such, he pregnant women no longer has authoritative knowledge over her pregnancy, but now engages in an more egalitarian relationship with her husband, an equal partner in the pregnancy experience. 3. 2 Institutional Medicalization Obstetricians became self-governing-businessmen through private practice. Their capitalistic motivations were achieved solely through their medical authority, and not through training in business management. They could determine the type of obstetrical interve ntions women of each social class deserved. A 75% cesarean section rate among private patients compares to 25% among general patients in New York (Hurst and Summey, 1984). This suggests a difference in professional accountability of physicians treating different paying classes. Private obstetricians receive out-of-pocket fees directly from their patients; maintain continuity of care, a personal doctor-patient relationship is expected. Obstetricians become â€Å"socially indebted† to direct-paying patients; hence they may exercise their skill of medical interventions in exchange for the fee, imposing medical procedures on women even in the absence of indication. Furthermore, the closer doctor-patient relationship of private practitioners allows the professional to better evaluate the emotion-translated financial willingness or financial ability to pay for additional cost of medical interventions. High information access through prenatal education and consultations positively correlates with high prenatal care and high cesarean rates (Hurst and Summey, 1984). Theoretically, increased prenatal care should decrease the risks of pregnancy and childbirth; hence less medical intervention should be required. Hence, it is suggested that with medicalized care expanding its surveillance to the prenatal period, there is increased awareness of the dangers of childbirth complication, and of alternate birthing methods, putting high SES New York women at risk for choosing medical intervention, which carries surgical risks on its own. Interestingly, women of lower SES in public hospitals in India were also subjected to more medical interventions and became targets of governmental missions of population control and subjected to pressure to undergo sterilization after delivery (Van Hollen, 2003). Another notable finding was the extensive use of drugs to induce labor, where drug-induced labor was a means of crowd-control, to free up maternity beds for new patients (Van Hollen, 2003). This infrastructure constraint defers from the picture of many modern western countries. In which extensive infrastructure was built in more fertile days, and with declining birth rates, more invasive medical procedures such as cesarean section ensures longer hospital stays, utilization of resources and sustaining jobs of healthcare workers in the maternal hospital (Hurst and Summey, 1984). By medicalizing pregnancy and childbirth, the state, through government hospitals and public policies can effectively control the rate of reproduction. Hence, it is seen in both social classes, obstetricians have different motivations for the medicalization of childbirth. Another factor fuelling the medicalization of childbirth is obstetrician’s fear of malpractice suits. Government employers indemnify obstetricians working in general hospitals, however private practicing obstetricians do not receive this privilege. Hence, private patients are able to bring malpractice suits directly to the practitioner, and his practice’s reputation. Fear of malpractice suits are frequently cited for the increase in cesarean rates in New York (Hurst and Summer, 1984). Hence, private practitioners reduce the risk of being legally liable for unsuccessful or complicated childbirth by relying on their skills and exercising authority to decide on medical interventions. Private practitioners also pay a huge premium for malpractice insurance to cover for themselves. In New York, malpractice insurance premiums have risen from $3,437 to $50,000 over three decades (Hurst and Summey, 1984). Application of costly medical interventions helps private obstetricians to cover this cost. . 3 Interactional medicalization Through the cultural interaction between obstetrician and his patient, obstetricians attempt to control culturally deviant behavior medical and intervene with obstetric medicine. Obstetricians routinize medical interventions as professional rituals to establish a sense of security and control over the unpredictable natural process of pregnancy and childbirth (Davis-Floyd, 2002). As part of the obstetrician’s professional duty, they experience the agonizing prospect of the encountering a biological defect or a loss of human life or biologically defective. Hence, when in the power to establish control mechanisms over nature, obstetricians instate medical interventions to protect themselves from emotional distress, from disability, death or blame from their patients. However, Floyd fails to acknowledge the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspective, where obstetricians may employ medicalization, not solely from the power of professional authority but for social service to women, and a social duty maintain society’s order. Simonds, 2002 points out that â€Å"as small durations of time become socially meaningful, the perceived scarcity of physical time increases, perceived control of events in one’s life decreases†. This rightly illustrates increased value and meaning of the period preceding childbirth, as social pressure to produce a new functional member of the social group, on both women and obstetricians increases. Ultimately, medical interventions not only serve the interest of obstetricians, but also to women and society as a whole. For example, the change from trimester to weekly monitoring of pregnancy and the introduction of a scheduled hourly-charting at labor, does not merely enable increased medical surveillance and control, but also increases social contact which legitimizes woman’s gender role and addresses the valued significance of pregnancy and childbirth as social events. To the same effect, the medical category expansion to include prenatal screening at dated-pregnancy-checkpoints is also a social construction influenced by the 20th century eugenics project. Prenatal screening allowed in-utero detection of â€Å"biological defects† such as Cleft lip; Spinal bifida; Down’s syndrome, and determination of sex, this screening creates points of knowing for crucial decision-making. Through selective abortion another obstetric procedure, obstetricians and women â€Å"play God†, make choices on rejecting or accepting the child into the family and society. This stems from the desire to have a perfect child in a eugenic society. Next, risks is defined by obstetricians, whether a women is or not allowed to have a normal birth. Medical students are taught in terms of the very dichotomous high or low risk assessment of pregnancy. Obstetricians are able to develop diagnoses to categorize deliveries as high risk. Previously, due to poor nutrition, women suffered from a calcium deficiency known as rickets, hence malformed pelvis caused difficulty in vaginal delivery (Drife, 2002). Now, doctors socially construct small pelvis as a diagnosis of cephalo-pelvic disproportion (Beckett, 2005). Women then see themselves as defective, blame themselves, hile doctors use this emotional-blackmail, threatening women of her baby’s death, usually into submission, hence legitimizing his obstetric power. Hence, obstetricians attempt to use objective criteria to label the highly subjective definition of complicated or high-risk pregnancies. Another example is obesity. Women with obesity have higher rates of cesarean section (Beckett, 2005). Hence, these deviant behaviors are perceived as abnormal and have a higher rate o f medical intervention. Obstetricians also exaggerate the dangers of childbirth (Cahill, 2001), implicitly suggesting the potential for complications and risks. It is suggested that women internalize gender systems such as knowledge, discourses and practices of the female norm and â€Å"acts† it out during childbirth (Martin, 2003). Middle-class women view themselves as relational, caring, selfless, and discipline their bodies to adhere to the prescribed gender identity. At childbirth, women may actively request for medical intervention, such as analgesia, epidural anesthesia, cesarean sections under general anesthesia, to prevent deviant behavior. This social driver for medicalization of childbirth is also reflected in the increased risk of childbirth portrayed by the media. Media constantly focuses on exaggeration, creation of a medical crisis. The birthing women agonizing in pain, the use of machines to denote life or death, and the swarming of medical personnel at the birth bed portrays an increase tension and risks at childbirth. Also, news reports home birthing, and finding of abandoned newborns as irresponsible, and linked to pathological child-abusers (Craven, 2005). . CONCLUSION Medicalization of childbirth and pregnancy is an attempt by society to maintain hegemony over the female body and the family, to perpetuate patriarchy, capitalism, vigilance and risk-caution as the dominant culture. However, there is a vast difference in the motivations of this social process. Society sees inequality of gender as a social problem, hence it attempts to control female subordination through the medicalization of pregnancy and chil dbirth, experiences paramount of the female gender identity. Then, society attempts to control the reproduction of the population by structurally categorizing women according to their ability to access maternal facilities of care. The â€Å"ideal† childbirth experience was then linked to the idea of Socio-economic status. Women, who could afford medicalized care, received the most current and â€Å"advanced† technologies. While women who could not afford medicalized care often received less medical interventions, creating a subjective experience â€Å"lesser† than that of the already established norm of hospitalized painless childbirth. Also, the state could more effectively control population growth through the authority of the attending obstetricians. Lastly, society attempts to control the ideal construction of a society, seeing the unpredictability of childbirth as a social problem, hence attempting to control it with an expansion of medical category to include risk assessments such as prenatal screening and intensive monitoring of delivery process at childbirth. Society also sees the unruly behavior of women at childbirth as deviant and attempts to control it with medicine and medical interventions. How to cite Medicalization of Childbirth, Papers

Report on Foodmart Supermarkets Business Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Foodmart Supermarkets Business Analysis Report. Answer: Introduction This report aimed at determining the minimum, maximum, and the average gross profit for the 150 sampled supermarkets. The report also aimed at determining the level of gross profit made based on different variables such as, number of competitors, hours of trading, location of the store (mall, strip, or country), wages paid among other variables. To determine whether there was significant difference in gross profit based on location of a store, the study revealed there was sufficient evidence to suggest that there was a statistically significant variation in gross profit somewhere across at least two locations (f= 0.436, df= 2, p= 0.648). It was revealed from the analysis that the mean number of competitors FoodMart would expect from the sampled 150 stores would be three competitors. The estimated mean number of competitors per supermarket for all the store would be 0.3 of the mean of 3 competitors. As to whether we can estimate the proportion of supermarkets open on Sundays with a 4 % significance level, the analysis revealed that the proportion of supermarkets that open on Sundays was 62%. Based on this proportion, at a confidence level of 96% we can say that the supermarkets that open on Sundays will be 62% 8.1% that is, they will be between 70.14% and 53.86%. The study found no statistically significant evidence to imply that Foodmart had violated the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission ACCC directive of the mean cost appraisal in a ordinary container for food items for any store chain should be more than $ 6.85 over a period of one year. . The sample size was found to be inadequate based on the formula Cochran (2011) and Fisher (1994) for determining adequate sample size. It is recommended that the survey be done again given that the sample size was inadequate and the sampling procedure was not appropriate. An Overall view of the Gross Profit The first task was to examine the total gross profit made in each state and make a comparison between the states. According to the descriptive statistics, the overall mean gross profit from all the states over the period under review was 1.01 dollars that was associated with a standard deviation of 0.646 dollars. The minimum gross profit was 0.018 dollars while the maximum was 2.872 dollars. The total gross profit realized from the sampled 150 stores was 151.493 dollars. The most common gross profit level (mode) from the sampled stores was 1.512 dollars. The profit range for the top 10% of stores was 0.29 million dollars. That is, the maximum gross profit (2.872 dollars multiply by 10% ) then subtract from the maximum gross profit. This implies that the top 10% of the gross profit of the sampled 150 stores was between 2.872 dollars and 2.58 dollars. Based on the survey data, if the company opts to close five (5) of the least performing stores in terms of gross profit out the sampled 150 stores, the range would be 0.057 million dollars. That is the maximum of five of the least performing store less the minimum gross profit attained from the sampled stores. The estimated gross profit for the group overall according to the analysis was found to be 0.053 of the sample mean at 95% confidence level. Put another way, it can be said that at 95% confidence level, the gross profit from all the 2,994 stores will be between 0.951 million dollars and 1.063 million dollars based on a sample of 150 stores. Significant Variation in Gross Profit on a Location Basis Based on the managements perception that various locations are more profitable than others, an analysis of variances was carried out. This was to investigate the degree of variances of the gross profit based on the location of a store. The aim of analyzing variation was to establish if the categories of observation are from a similar population. To attain this, comparison is made between the variation of the population means in the categories. Every variation.computes the squared deviation from what would be the expected mean from every population. According to Kingoriah (2004), to conduct an ANOVA, various assumptions or conditions had to be met. Namely; There are three or more independent groups (locations) that are compared with one another and one quantitative variable (gross profit) The sample used is random i.e. the data used is from randomizing a sample of the mean of the population The analyzed data is normally distributed The is equal variation in the analyzed data within the groups to be compared with one another. After an assumption has been made on randomization and normal distribution of the data, the task was to determine or test the perception that some locations are more profitable than others are. The null hypothesis for the test was: H0: there is a significant variation in gross profit based on location. The analysis revealed F statistic of .436 that was associated with a p-value of .0648. Since the p-value is greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis (perception of the management) could not be rejected. It was therefore concluded that there was sufficient evidence to suggest that there was a statistically significant variation in gross profit somewhere across at least two locations (f= 0.436, df= 2, p= 0.648). Upon summarizing the averages of gross profit based on location, stores located in the country had the lowest average gross profit of 0.955 million dollars that was associated with a standard deviation (stdev) from the average of 0.672 million dollars, while the highest average gross profit was recorded in stores located in malls at an average of 1.092 million dollars (stdev= 0.653 million dollars). At the medium were stores located in a strip or shopping centre of a major city at an average of 0.952 million dollars associated with a standard deviation of 0.596 million dollars. However, it would be inappropriate to generalize the performance of each location since there are unequal sample sizes based on the location. Other factors are bound to be attributable to the average gross profit such as population of the inhabitants and accessibility of the stores. Some Basic Estimates Analyzing the level of competition is an important aspect for any business. In this regard, the estimated mean number of competitors per supermarket was sought. It was revealed from the analysis that the mean number of competitors FoodMart would expect from the sampled 150 stores would be three competitors. Home deliveries for customers especially loyal customers are an added incentive to boost sales and eventually increase profit. This is both in terms of convenience to the customers and reliability. The estimated mean number of competitors per supermarket for all the store would be 0.3 of the mean of 3 competitors that is, we would be 95% confident that the mean number of competitors would be between 2.7 and 3.3 given a sample of 150 stores. As determined from the sampled data a proportion 45 stores that represents 30% of the sampled stores offer home delivery. The question therefore was what proportion of all the Foodmart stores was likely to offer home delivery? The statistical tests carried out revealed that the sample proportion was 5.01% of the total Foodmart stores. The expected proportion of stores that offer home delivery services would be 3.5%. Put another way, we can be 95% confident that the proportion of supermarkets that offer home delivery services will be between 8.5% and 1.52% given a sample of 150 stores. As to whether we can estimate the proportion of supermarkets open on Sundays with a 4% significance level, the analysis revealed that the proportion of supermarkets that open on Sundays was 62%. Based on this proportion, at a confidence level of 96% we can say that the supermarkets that open on Sundays will be 62% 8.1% that is, they will be between 70.14% and 53.86%. Average price increase: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission To cater for inflation, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) issued directions that the mean cost appraisal in an normal container for food item for any supermarket chain should be more than $ 6.85 over a period of one year. It was therefore prudent to investigate whether out of the sampled stores the stipulated average price was maintained. The idea was to determine whether there was evidence to imply that Foodmart had not complied with this directive. This was done by investigating whether there was any statistically significant difference between the means of the periods 2015 and 2016 from the mean of $ 6.85. According to the analysis carried out, the results revealed a test statistic of -115.76 that was associated with a p-value of less than .01. It was therefore concluded that there was no statistically significant evidence to imply that Foodmart had violated the ACCC directive. Sampling Methods for the Annual Survey The annual survey was based on a simple random sample of 150 stores across the country. However, it is not clear the criteria used to come up with the sample of one hundred and fifty. There seems to have been some element of non-probability sampling in particular accidental sampling. The assertion that Queensland is over represented is incorrect as in fact it is New South Wales that is over represented at 39 sampled stores followed by Queensland at 30 stores. It is however correct that Tasmania is among the least represented state at 5 stores sampled while Western Australia is moderately represented at 16 sampled stores. Your observation that the maximum age for any supermarket from the sample is 24 years of operation is in fact true. However, it is possible that the oldest Foodmart store was not part of the sampled stores. Therefore, this anomaly should be a cause of concern. The sampled data has helped to answer your concerns thus far. The sample size was found to be inadequate based on the formula Cochran (2011) and Fisher (1994) for determining adequate sample size. The minimum sample size would have been 342 stores based on a target population of 2,994 stores. The appropriate sampling technique that would have been used is stratified proportionate sampling method. This requires obtaining a sample size per stratum from each state since each state has different number of stores. This could have been done by dividing the number of stores per state by the total number of stores then multiplying by the desired sample size. Simple random sample would then have been done at this stage. It is recommended that the survey be done again given that the sample size was inadequate and the sampling procedure was not appropriate. References and Bibliography Kingoriah, G. K.Fundamentals of Applied Statistics. Nairobi, Kenya: The Jomo Kenyatta Foundation., 2004.